Organic cultivation of groundnut

          Today we will discuss about groundnut.

 It is a Kharif and zaid crops. It is cultivated in entire and it is mostly cultivated in the Bikaner capital of Rajasthan. By the good production of groundnut the Rajasthan is also termed as Rajkot. By cultivating groundnut the fertility of soil increase along with it. It also helps the farmer economically. It is used as oil, cloth industry, and for making butter. By its organic cultivation it also help humans as it has many nutrients in it. It's cultivation prevent the soil erosion by air and water. As compared to plant cropped in Kharif, zaid has lesser chanceof making of having the attacks of pets in the crop.

                                  Climate.

For it's cultivation humid subtropical climate is best. More sunlight and good climate help for the good development of crops. For better production 25°-30° celcius is good and 50-100cm of annual rainfall is good for it.

                    Land for it's production.

It can be cultivated in light-heavy soil but in the sandy-loamy soil which has better water draining capacity and has good of calcium and microbes are best for it. Little acidic with ph  range of 6-6.5 are good for it's production.

                          

                       Preparation of farm.

The amount of ploughing is dependent on the type and moisture of the soil. Generally, it's 1st ploughing is done with the help of the soil twister. And the land should be ploughed 3-4 time to make the soil particles free and to maintain the moisture of the soil it should be irrigated after every ploughing. To prevent white ant and other insects 1.5% of Quinalphas 25kg per heactare at the time of last ploughing should be used, along with it 400kg of neem bark should be mixed with the soil.

       Nutrition value of groundnut in 100gm.

            Fat.                   :              49gm

        Sodium.               :.              18mg

      Potassium.             :.          700mg

   

    Carbohydrates.        :.           16gm

        Protein.                 :.           26gm

       Calories.                 :.         576

               Best variety of groundnut.

It has main 3 variety. 1 Easily spreadable in light soil, 2. Easily spreadable in heavy soil and 3. Earring type To increase the production of groundnut, best varieties play an important role in it.

1. Spreadable variety-.   RS1, M335, CHITRA , RG382(DURGA), M13, MA10, etc.

2. Medium-Spreadable variety-.  HNG10, RG138, RG425, GIRNAR2, & RSB87 etc.

3. Earring type variety-. DAG24, GG2, JL24, JK12, TG37A, RG141, etc.

                              Seeds rate.

For earring type variety is require100125kg/heactare of seeds, for medium spreadable varities it requires 80-100kg/heactare of seeds and for high spreadable variety it requires 60-80kg/heactare of seeds.

                             Seed treatment.

Before sowing the seeds should be treated with 2-3gm of Thyrum or Carbodiazonium by the rate of per kg seeds or prepare a sugar solution in half a litre water with 50gm of sugar in it and boil it and left it ideal for cooling, add 200-250gm of Rhizobium culture to it then it should be sprinkle over the seeds and mixed easily and let the seeds dry and after drying sow the seeds frequently.

                          Time of harvesting.

At the time of harvesting the 10cm layer of soil should have the temperature of 18° celcius. Northern side where zaid groundnut is harvested there it is harvested in February- March. Apart from northern side it is harvested in November- January while in Kharif season it is harvested in June and July.

                    Method of harvesting.

According to varities and weather the distance is kept, for earring type the line-line distance should be upto 30cm and plant-plant distance should be 10cm. For spreading varities the line-line distance should be 45-60cm and plant-plant distance should be 10-15cm. It should be harvested by using seed drill machine as it maintains the distance between the seeds and lines. Seeds should be sown at the depth of 4-6cm in soil as it helps in good germination

                                 Irrigation.

During Kharif, it farm depends on the rainfall and in the place where there is adequate irrigation then during blooming of flowers it should be irrigated. In Zaid, in the interval of 10-15 days the crops should be irrigated and the seeds should be harvested after the irrigation only.

                     Manure and fertilizers.

In the farm before harvesting cowdung should be mixed in the soil by the help of cultivator. In it crops, the amount of nitrogen is fulfilled by nitrogen fixation so before 8-10 hours of harvesting the seeds should be treated with microbes. If there is demand of Nitrogen before the starting of nitrogen fixation process then 20-30kg of Nitrogen should be added to it, 40-50 kg of phosphorus and 30-40kg of potash should be added to in the farm and apart from it calcium play an important role in groundnut production and development for this use 200-400kg of gypsum should used. The full quantity of NPK and the half quantity of gypsum should be mixed and add up to the soil and remain Gypsum should be added near the plants as the plant start blooming.

                         Weeds control.

The main reason of it's less production is weeds, if the weed are not controlled then it can effect the production to upto 30-40%. For more Production, prevent the crop free from weeds to 25-45 days of its harvesting. Tilling should be done after 20-25days and 40-45 days of harvesting. By chemical method we should use 30% pendiemethaline E.C 1kg should be mixed in 700-800litres of water and sprinkle it before the harvesting and mix well.

                               Disease control.

1. Rozet disease.

It is caused by a virus and it make the plants dwarf, the colour of leaves turns into yellow. For it's prevention destroy the infected plants or EMIDICHLOROPRID of 1ml in 3litres of water should be sprinkle.

2. Mark disease.

It is the most dangerous disease of the crops. At starting the lower leaves get dark brown little spots on them, and later on it spread upto upper leaves and stem by this the leaves fell down and just stem remain, this couse a great loss to the crops. For it's prevention eliminate the infected plants or DiethaneM45 2kg in 1000litre of water per acre should be sprinkle in the interval of 10 days. For about 2-3times. 

                                 Pest control.

1. White grubs.

        It affects the crops at large extent. It's newborn  baby can effect a lot grubs mainly eat roots and leaves which results into a dry plant. Female grub lay eggs inside the soil and about 8-10 days later the newborns come out of the eggs and from July- October they harm the crops. For it's prevention, seeds should be treated with Chloropyriphos or phorate 25kg/heactare should be sprinkle.

2. Leaf miner.

It's make yellow spots on the leaves and it eat up the green part of the leaves which make white line of the leaves. This effects a lot to the crops. Female miner is shiny in colour and lay eggs on the tendile branches. For it's prevention, Emidichloroprid 1ml in 1litres of water should be sprinkle over the crops.

      

              Cutting of crops and production.

When the leaves turns into yellow and start to fall down and the fruits cover become hard and there is a pinkish layer on the fruits and it turns to hard then the crops is ready to be cut. After cutting the fruits are removed away and should be dried in the sunlight until the moisture content turn to be 8% in it. In Kharif it gives upto 1.8-2.5 tons/heactare of production while in zaid it gives upto 2-3.5tons of production.