Organic cultivation of black gram

        Today we will discuss about black gram.

          Scientific name         :    vigna mungo

                Family.                 :   Fabaceae

   Nutritional value of black gram per 100gm is.

           Protein             :      25gm

         Sodium.             :     35 mg

      Potassium           :    935 mg

   Carbohydrates      :     62 gm

      Calcium            :     138 mg

        Iron                 :      8 mg

     In our country it is most cultivated as leguminous plant. It's pulse have more Nutrients. In india, it is most liked in eastern Uttar Pradesh. It plants roots contain Rhizobium bacteria which provide a good amount of nitrogen to the plant that's why it's plants are also cultivated as green manure which produces upto 40-50kg/heactare of nitrogen. It is a Kharif crops. In today's era it is cultivated mainly in uttar pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, & Bihar. It's production is upto 2.93 million tons annually.

                      Climate for cultivation.

It is a tropical evergreen plants so it's requires hot weather for it's cultivation. At the time of ripening of plant it requires dry weather. It's cultivation is most suitable is sandy-loamy which has a good water draining capacity.

                           Preparation of farm.

 1st ploughing should be done by the help of harrow and after it 2nd & 3rd should be done by using cultivator, at the time of last ploughing 1 quantle of Gypsum should be used in the farm. By using Gypsum it makes the soil soft.

          Best variety of black gram seeds.

  T -9  This variety get ready within 70-75 days.and it's production is upto 1-1.2 tons/heactare.

PANT U -19  This variety get ready within 80-85 days. and it's production is upto 1-1.2 tons/ heactare.

PANT U -30  This variety get ready within 80-85 days. And it's production is upto 1-1.2 tons/ heactare.

J.Y.P. This variety get ready within 80-90 days. And it's production is upto 1-1.2 tons/ heactare.

 U.G -218  This variety get ready within 70-80 days. And it's production is upto 1.2-1.5 tons/ heactare.

                            Seeds rate.

If only black gram is being cultivated then it requires 15-20kg/ heactare of seeds and if it is being planted along with other crop then it requires 8-10kg/ heactare of seeds.

              Harvesting methods and time.

If we are cultivating it in the spring then it should be harvested in the mid February & March, or if we are cultivating it in Kharif season then it should be harvested in the last week of June to last week of July. It should be harvested bin a line-wise sequence.

                             Seeds treatment.

                      

       It's seeds should be treated with Rhizobiuculture which increases the production upto 15%. 100gm of Rhizobium culture is must for 5kg of seeds. Before treating the seeds make a sugar solution in 500ml of water, add Rhizobium culture to it and prepare a solution of it. Sprinkle the solution over the seeds and let them undisturbed for 7-8hours. Then, the seeds are ready to harvest.

                   Manure and fertilizers.

Black gram doesn't require nitrogen because it's roots have Rhizobium bacteria which provide then nitrogen is good amount but in the earlier phase it requires 15-20kg Nitrogen/heactare, 40-50kg phosphorus/heactare, & 40kg potassium in the farm at the time of harvesting.

               

                            Irrigation.

For summer crop, it's requires irrigation in 15-20days while for rainy season plant, when the rainfall is poor then it requires 2-3 times of irrigation.

                         Weeds control.

For Rainy season Crop, there is too risk of weeds and it is at so extent that it can destroy upto 40-50% of the crops.it control by chemical can be establish by using vasaline at the rate of 1kg/ heactare. 1kg vasaline per 1000litre water should be sprinkled in the farm before the harvesting of crops. If the weeds grows up in the crop then after every 15-20days by using spud.

                           Pest control.

1. White fly.

It is the main pest of the black gram crops it eats up tendile leaves & branches and effect the crop. It can damage upto 30-40% of the crop. For it's prevention Triesjophas 40 E.C at the rate of 1 liter in 500 litre water should be sprinkled bover the crops.

2. Semi lupar. 

It's attracts mainly on tandile leaves and make a sieve like structure on them by which the growth of plant is effected. For it's prevention we should use Monachrotophas at the rate of 1litre in 1000litre of water vand sprinkle over the crops.

3. Afeed.  It suck the juice from the plants and as a result plants dries up. For it's prevention we should use Chloropyriphos 20E.C at the rate of 500ml/1000 litre of water and sprinkle over the plants.

      

                      Dieseas Control.

 1. Yellow mosaic diseas.

It is spread by virus and it is a general disease in the crop. It's effect can be seen just after 3-4 weeks of harvesting. Symptoms of this diesease are spherical yellow spots are observed on the leaves and this covers up the whole leaf and at the last fades and fall out. Use disease resistant varities to prevent this disease.

2. Leaf spot.

This is spread by fungus. In this small sports are seen over the leaves. For it's prevention add Carbondiegine at the rate of 1kg/1000 litre water and sprinkle over the plants.

            

            Crops Cutting & Production.

It's crops get ready in upto 80-90days. When they rip their fruits turns black then it should be cut by the use of sickle. By pure cultivation of black gram can be produced upto 1-1.5 tons of crops/heactare.